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Category Oil & Gas

  • Mar, Tue, 2020
Oil & Gas

DPR seals 7 illegal cooking gas plants in Lagos

. A DPR official sealing a cooking gas retail outlet located under a high tension electrical installation in Lekki Phase 1 area of Lagos on Tuesday.

 

DPR
By Solomon Asowata
Lagos, March 3, 2020 (NAN) The Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) on Tuesday intensified efforts to curtail incidence of gas explosion in Lagos State with the closure of seven Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) plants.
The oil and gas industry regulator said the affected LPG (cooking gas)  plants were sealed for not complying with the prerequisite safety standards and operating without valid licences.
The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reports that the sealed gas stations are situated in locations across Lagos Island  and Lagos Mainland.
Eight employees of the sealed gas plants were also arrested by officers of the Nigerian Security and Civil Defense Corps (NSCDC), which collaborated with the DPR in the exercise.
Mr Ayorinde Cardoso, DPR Zonal Operations Controller, Lagos, said the LPG plants were shut down for various reasons including operating within densely populated areas and under high tension electrical installations.
Cardoso said some of  the sealed facilities did not meet the minimum 15 meters distance required for such operations, which was a critical safety requirement.
He said that the sealed plants were also  operating without approval or licence from the DPR, adding that the agency would continue to clampdown on such illegal plants.
Cardoso said: “We are here on surveillance assignment because the Minister of State for Petroleum, Chief Timipre Sylva,  has declared this year as the Year of Gas.
“So, we want to make sure that all operators in this line of business abide by the rules and regulations.
“We don’t want the market to be compromised with sharp practices, and that is why we are stepping up surveillance. “
He maintained that the DPR would not allow LPG retailers to operate under unsafe conditions, to forestall any disastrous consequence.
Cardoso said that DPR was collaborating with the NSCDC to enforce compliance with the closure order, because the agency itself had no power to arrest or prosecute defaulters.
He said the agency was committed to improving safety in the oil and gas industry, especially with the recent inauguration of the Minimum Industry Safety Training for Downstream Operations (MISTDO) programme.
“MISTDO is coming on board to encourage the licensed operators to give basic training to their employees, and we still monitor these licensed facilities to ensure compliance.
“We want to deepen the LPG sector, and to do that, we must increase our surveillance, to weed out the illegal operators,” Cardoso said.
Similarly, Mr  Fasiu Adeyinka, Lagos State Commandant, NSCDC,  said the corps was partnering DPR to bring sanity to the LPG sector.
He appealed to Nigerians to assist the agency in reporting illegal facilities operating within their areas, to avert tragedies caused by gas explosions. (NAN)
ASO/FLP/SOA
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Edited by Folorunso Poroye/Oluwole Sogunle
  • Mar, Mon, 2020
Oil & Gas

Shell plans turnaround scheduled maintenance on Bonga Vessel

Shell plans turnaround scheduled maintenance on Bonga Vessel

Maintenance
By Nathan Nwakamma
Yenagoa, March 2, 2020 (NAN) The Shell Nigeria Production and Exploration Company (SNEPCO) says the Bonga Floating Storage Production and Offloading (FSPO) is due for scheduled turn around maintenance.
The Shell Petroleum Development Company statement indicated that Bonga field situated on Oil Mining Lease (OML) 118, some 180 kilometers off the Atlantic Coastline would be shut for maintenance sometime in March or April.
The field accounts from between 150,000 and 180,000 barrels per day of oil exports on the average.
The development raised concerns of oil exports from Nigeria amongst industry observers.
A spokesman of the oil firm noted that the exact time for the shutdown had yet to be fixed.
‘‘Bonga FPSO will be undergoing scheduled maintenance and regulatory inspections during March and April.
“Exact dates and production impact are currently under review and will be communicated in due course.” the Spokesman said. (NAN)
NN/DCU
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Edited by Donald Ugwu

  • Mar, Mon, 2020
Oil & Gas

DPR to enforce minimum industry safety training for downstream operations

DPR

By Solomon Asowata

Lagos, March 2, 2020 (NAN) The Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) says it will begin enforcement of the Minimum Industry Safety Training for Downstream Operations (MISTDO) at petroleum facilities from Sept. 1.

 

The agency said the move was necessitated by the rising cases of petroleum tanker accidents as well as gas explosion incidents leading to loss of lives and property across the country.

 

Mr Sarki Auwulu, Director, DPR, issued the directive on Monday in Lagos at the inauguration of MISTDO programme, designed by the agency to deepen safety training in the downstream sector of the Nigerian oil and gas industry.

 

He said “Effective Sept. 1, the department shall commence enforcement of MISTDO for all downstream operations and facilities.

 

“This include Liquefied Petroleum Gas stations, retail outlets, petroleum product depots, jetties, lube plants, industrial gas users and petroleum truck drivers and motor boys.”

 

According to him, the enforcement will begin in Lagos, Ogun, Edo, Rivers, Imo, Enugu, Abuja, Kaduna, Kano, Niger, Nasarawa and Gombe, adding that no personnel would be permitted to engage in downstream operations without the MISTDO training.

 

Auwulu said effective Jan. 1, 2021, the compliance would be extended nationwide while renewal or obtaining of new permits for every downstream facility would also be based on the criteria.

 

He said:” The growth of Nigeria’s downstream sector has resulted in increase of incidents leading to loss of lives, damage to properties and

environmental pollution.

 

“Some of these incidents have come from fallen tankers, petrol station fires, gas explosion and vandalism.

 

“Our records show that 70 per cent of accidents in the Nigerian oil and gas industry between 2013 and 2019 occurred in the downstream sector.

 

“To reverse this trend, the department has put in place enhanced regulatory strategies for downstream facilities’ development and operations monitoring targeted at the People,

the Process and the Equipment. ”

 

According to him, the MISTDO Programme is specially designed to target workers in the downstream sector including petroleum tanker drivers and motor boys.

 

Auwulu said this was because investigations into reported incidents in the sector show that the underlining cause was poor safety culture of workers and lack of knowledge which revealed serious training gaps.

 

He said the DPR engaged critical stakeholders before coming up with the programme which has been developed in the three Nigerian major languages for easy understanding by all workers in the downstream sector.

 

The director said inputs were sought from Oil and Gas Training Providers, Independent Petroleum Marketers Association of Nigeria (IPMAN) and Depots and Petroleum Products Marketers Association of Nigeria (DAPPMAN).

 

He said contributions were also made by Major Oil Marketers Association of Nigeria (MOMAN), Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) and Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC).

 

In their goodwill messages, Sen. James Manager, Chairman Senate Committee on Gas and Mr Alex Egbuna, Vice Chairman, House Committee on Downstream Operations, both commended the DPR for the initiative.

 

The lawmakers said improving safety in the production, storage and distribution of petroleum products to end users would not only protect the lives and assets of Nigerians but it would also boost the nation’s economy. (NAN)

ASO/EAL

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Edited by Ekemini Ladejobi

  • Mar, Sun, 2020
Oil & Gas

NNPC Retail begins sale of made in Nigeria engine oil

 

Lubricants

By Edith Ike-Eboh

Abuja, March 1, 2020 (NAN) Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) Retail Ltd.,  a subsidiary of  NNPC, has launched and commenced the sale of new engine  oil brands  (lubricants) to serve the demands of  Nigerian motorists.

The Managing Director of the company, Mr Billy Okoye, while briefing newsmen in Abuja on Sunday, said the new products were made in Nigeria by Nigerians.

He named the six new high performance lubricating oils as ‘Nitro Diamond’, ‘Nitro Gold’, ‘Nitro Super 40’ and Nitro 2’ engine oil as well as ‘Rhino X’ and ‘Rhino HD’.

He said the company sourced the additives for the lubricants from the best additive companies in the world in line with its culture of quality and excellence.

“The NNPC lubricants were formulated using carefully selected world-class base oil and performance additives to give all-year-round excellent performance in normal and arduous engine working conditions.

“Our marketing intelligence showed us that Nigerians were yearning for their own national lubricants, one they can call their own.

“We found that most of the problems motorists were having on Nigerian roads were as a result of poor maintenance of their engines and we found that poor maintenance was as a result of the lubricants used.

“We also found out that most lubricants used were not to the satisfaction of Nigerians.

“As parts of efforts at touching the live of Nigerians, we are introducing this range of NNPC lubricants,” he said

Okoye  said that the NNPC lubricant business was conceived many years back.

“So, we took our time to go into research and come up with the best formulation, quality assurance, quality control processes, field test, branding and designing, among others to ensure that we give Nigerians the best of the best of lubricants.

“The product was unveiled on Nov.  28, 2019, but as is the standard in the industry, after the unveiling, the next step was to go into a series of tests to confirm that what we unveiled was not only marketable but also useable.

“These series of tests were carried out from December (2019) to February and we are proud to announce to Nigerians that the lubricants have been successfully tested and certified to be the best in the industry today,” he noted.

Okoye said the products would be available for purchase immediately at the over 600 NNPC Retail outlets across the country, accredited dealers and mechanic workshops.

Okoye added that during the formulation stages, NNPC Retail ensured that measures were put in place to prevent adulteration of the products.

“It is in fact difficult to fabricate the molds and NNPC Retail logo is etched in not less than four places unto the plastic package itself.

“There is an induction seal, there are tamper proof opening on the caps, the labels are made of superior poly materials and the design on labels have intricate color mix and separation.

“Also, the distribution and sales would be done via credible establishments with high level of integrity.

“We also have after-market monitoring for periodic scanning to assess product for sale and identity if any misconduct has occurred,” he said.

Also, the Manager, Lubricants, Mr Haruna Abdulrahman, said  the current products were automotive lubricants to be used for vehicles and protecting equipment and machinery.

Abdulrahaman said such equipment included generators and other light, medium  and heavy duty machinery and stationary equipment in the industrial sector.

He said that four brands of them NITRO lubricants  would serve petrol engines while  two brands would serve diesel engines.

Abdulrahman urged Nigerians to buy into the products for their huge benefits and as the primary owners of the product.

“These are our own products and they are the best in the market made for Nigerians,” he added. (NAN)
ENO/ESAN/JCE

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Edited by Abiodun Esan/Chukwudi Ekezie

Oil & Gas

Coronavirus: PPPRA assures of sufficient petroleum supply

 

PPPRA
By Edith Ike-Eboh
Abuja, March 1, 2020 (NAN) The Petroleum Products Pricing Regulatory Agency (PPPRA) has assured Nigerians of sufficient petroleum product supply in the country amid fears of the effect of the Coronavirus spread affecting the sector.

The Agency disclosed this in a statement signed by its Executive Secretary Alhaji Abdulkadir Saidu, in Abuja on Sunday.

He said that Nigeria had nothing to fear in spite of the rising fear of Coronavirus spread affecting the global oil demand.

“The PPPRA reassures the public that it will continue to work with other relevant stakeholders towards maintaining efficient petroleum products supply in the country,” he said.

He noted that the agency’s January 2020 report on Oil and Gas sector operations showed that the national supply of Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) was at 1,828.62 billion litres, while Automotive Gas Oil (AGO) and Aviation Turbine Kerosene (ATK) were at 423.27 million litres and 96.70 million litres respectively.

He said that the average PMS Days Sufficiency in January was at 41.34 days, AGO at 45.04 days, House Hold Kerosene (HHK) at 9.36 days, while ATK and LPFO were at 53.73 and 33.75 days respectively

He noted that between Feb. 21 and Feb. 27 the average days sufficiency stood at 42.28 days for PMS, AGO was 44.73 days while HHK was 20.36 days and ATK 36.22 days.

“During the week in view, the total volume of PMS and AGO discharged were 551.01 million litres and 84.84 million litres respectively.

“Also, Crude oil prices in January averaged 63.51 dollars , 64.06 and 58.29 dollars per barrel for Brent, Bonny and WTI respectively, as against the December average prices of 67.02 dollars , 65.94 and 60.67 dollars per barrel.

He noted that available data for week 4 of February 2020 indicated declines in the prices of Brent, Bonny and WTI, which averaged 57.17 dollars, 57.14 and 52.86 dollars per barrel respectively.

Commenting on its operations, he said that constant monitoring of products supply and distribution by the agency as well as the entrenchment of responsive pricing policy through monitoring of trends in market fundamentals and updating pricing template contributed to product availability nationwide.

“In addition, sharp practices by some operators are greatly reduced as a result of vessel tracking, efficient scheduling and monitoring by PPPRA independent cargo surveyors and field operatives.

The agency also ensured that the NNPC and other Marketers maintained strict compliance to approved guidelines for importation of petroleum products,”he said.(NAN)
EIE/ECN/AFA

Edited by Emmanuel Nwoye/Felix Ajide

 

 

  • Feb, Thu, 2020
Oil & Gas

DPR extends Nigeria gas flare commercialisation programme bid submission by 6 weeks

DPR
By Solomon Asowata
Lagos, Feb. 27, 2020 (NAN) The Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) says the Bid Submission Due Date (BSDD) of the Request for Proposal (REP) of the Nigeria Gas Flare Commercialisation Programme (NGFCP) has been extended by six weeks.
Mr Paul Osu,  Head, Public Affairs, DPR, made the announcement in a statement issued on Thursday in Lagos.
Osu said the extension was sequel to the Bidder’s Conference which held on Feb.  17 in respect to the NGFCP.
He said: “Accordingly, the new submission due date shall be April 10.
“Consequently, qualified applicants should note that inputs, comments and observations on the draft Gas Sales Agreement (DSA) Milestone Development Agreement (MDA) Connection Agreement (CA) and Deliver or Pay Agreement (DoPA) posted on the portal are expected on or before March 5.
“Furthermore, the DPR shall provide relevant updates for data prying and leasing in the Data Room as necessary within the next one week,” he said.
Osu said  in a bid to further incentivise the programme, the minimum floor price for flared gas would be  $0.25 per million standard cubic feet (mscf) for Land Sites; Swamp and Shallow Offshore Sites would be $0.15/mscf while Deep offshore minimum floor price would be $0.10 /mscf.
He advised qualified applicants who were interested in embarking on flare site visit(s) to contact the DPR and ensure that due diligence was carried out before the BSDD.
The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN)  reports that the NGFCP  was inaugurated on Dec. 13, 2016.
The programme would offer flare gas for sale by the Federal Government of Nigeria through a transparent and competitive bidding process. A structure has been devised to provide project bankability for  flare gas buyers.

The purpose of the gas flare commercialisation programme is to reduce the flaring and venting of associated methane gas.(NAN)

ASO/CHOM/SOA
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Edited by Chioma Ugboma/Oluwole Sogunle
  • Feb, Wed, 2020
Oil & Gas

PIB will drive investment in Nigeria’s oil, gas industry — Total boss

PIB
By Solomon Asowata
Lagos, Feb. 26, 2020 (NAN) Mr Mike Sangster, Managing Director, Total E&P Nigeria Limited, says a progressive Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB) can be the catalyst needed to drive investment in Nigeria’s oil and gas industry.

Sangster spoke on Wednesday during a panel session at the ongoing Fourth Sub Saharan Africa International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference (SAIPEC) in Lagos.

The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reports that the review of the PIB is at an advanced stage and full passage of the bill is expected mid-2020.
“I believe that a progressive PIB is the way to go because it will create jobs and encourage more investors to come into the industry.
“It will create a win-win situation for both government and investors, ” he said.
Sangster said Total wanted to continue to be the leader in the African oil and gas space.
He said that the multinational had spent $160 billion in deep water exploration activities in Africa in the last 10 years.
The managing director said about 20 per cent of the amount was spent in Nigeria, reiterating Total’s commitment to increasing investment in the oil rich nation.
Sangster said the company has had encouraging discussions with the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and was ready to assist the country in achieving its target of producing three million barrels per day.
On his part,  Mr Bank-Anthony Okoroafor, Chairman,  Petroleum Technology Association of Nigeria (PETAN), said there was need to create an enabling environment for private sector investment in the industry.
“Government across Africa, especially the oil and gas producing countries, should provide necessary incentive to attract private sector investment across the entire value chain.
“This will indeed trigger a massive economic revolution, ” Okoroafor said. (NAN)
ASO/SOA
========
Editing by Oluwole Sogunle
  • Feb, Tue, 2020
Oil & Gas

NLNG supplied 275,000MT to Nigerian LPG market in 2019 – Official

Gas
By Solomon Asowata
Lagos, Feb. 25, 2020 (NAN) The Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG) Limited on Tuesday said it supplied 275,000MT of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) to the domestic market in 2019.
Mr Tony Attah, Managing Director, NLNG,  made this known during a panel session at the ongoing Fourth Sub Saharan Africa International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference (SAIPEC) in Lagos.
The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reports that session had the theme: “New Approaches to Sub Saharan Africa Gas Industry,  Gas Monetisation and the Importance of LNG and Gas to Power Projects.”
Attah, who was represented by Mr Adeleye Falade,  General Manager, Production, NLNG, said the company was targeting to increase its supply of LPG, also known as cooking gas, to the domestic market to 350,000MT in 2020.
He said the desire of the NLNG to deepen LPG penetration in Nigeria was aimed at creating a healthy life for Nigerians by giving them access to clean source of energy for cooking.
Attach noted that apart from the domestic usage, about 60 per cent of gas was being supplied to power generation plants across the country for electricity purposes.
According to him, the Train 7 project recently initiated by the NLNG is a commitment to its corporate vision of helping to build a better Nigeria.
“The Train 7 project will ramp up NLNG’s production capacity by 35 per cent from 22 million MTPA to around 30 million MTPA.
“The project is anticipated to create about 12,000 new jobs and an additional 40,000 indirect jobs. This translates to more gas, more taxes and more revenue, ” he said.
Attah said Nigeria is a gas country, noting that it was time to use the product to drive the nation’s  human capacity development and economic growth.
Also speaking,  Mrs Audrey Joe-Ezigbo,  President,  Nigeria Gas Association, said investors would be attracted to the industry when there was a proper regulatory landscape where contract is respected.
She said that lack of infrastructure was another factor which needed to be urgently addressed for Nigeria to start reaping the benefits of its huge gas deposits. (NAN)
ASO/BOLA/SOA
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Edited by Bola Akingbehin/Oluwole Sogunle
  • Feb, Tue, 2020
Oil & Gas

APPO seeks collaboration among African countries on oil, gas

Collaboration

By Solomon Asowata

Lagos, Feb. 25, 2020 (NAN) African Petroleum Producers Organisation (APPO) has called for more collaboration among African countries in order to maximise the continent’s oil and gas potential for the benefit of its citizens.

The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reports that Dr Omar Ibrahim, Secretary General, APPO, made the call on Tuesday at the Fourth Sub Saharan Africa International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference (SAIPEC) in Lagos.

The conference, organised by the Petroleum Technology Association of Nigeria (PETAN), has the theme: “Oil and Gas as an Enabler for Economic Transformation in Sub Saharan Africa.”

Ibrahim noted that more hydrocarbon discoveries were being made in Africa, which could be harnessed to meet the continent’s social and economic needs.

He said that unfortunately, the world was moving toward renewable energy with deliberate policies aimed at reducing investments in exploration, refining and processing of crude oil.

Ibrahim said Africa had over 600 million people without access to energy, stressing that such policies would only spell doom for the continent unless its governments embark on strategic collaboration.

“We need to take our destinies into our hands because very soon we might not have the technology to bring out the crude, and even if we manage to do that, there will not be a market for our product.

“No foreign government or international oil company is willing to transfer their technology to us.

“APPO believes that we need to domesticate oil and gas technology in our continent and encourage local content development in our oil and gas industry,” he said.

According to him, African countries can collaborate in areas of human capital, infrastructure development and data sharing.

Also speaking, Mr Simbi Wabote, Executive Secretary, Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring Board (NCDMB) said Africa had the resources and population to achieve sustainable development.

Wabote said collaboration among the countries was pivotal toward actualising the objective, noting that efforts such as the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) should be encouraged.

He also disclosed that the NCDMB and Waltersmith Petroleum Oil Limited 5,000 barrels-a-day modular refinery being developed at Ibigwe in Imo State would begin production in May.

The executive secretary said the project had attracted the government of Equatorial Guinea, whose Minister of Mines and Hydrocarbons, Mr Gabriel Lima, recently visited Nigeria to learn more about its workings.

On his part, Mr Mele Kyari, Group Managing Director, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), said oil had served as key enabler to the economic transformation of many nations like Norway, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Qatar among others.

Kyari, represented by Mr Yusuf Unman, Chief Operating Officer, Gas and Power, NNPC, said the President Muhammadu Buhari-led administration had made it a priority to diversify the country’s economy.

He said: “In order to achieve this objective, it means more money will be required from the oil and gas to fund new economic projects outside the oil and gas industry.

“In the upstream, we are increasing oil production from 2.3 million bbl/day to 3 million bbl/day.

“At the same time we are working with partners to significantly reduce our cost per barrel in order to improve the flow of the needed revenue to support economic diversification.

“The recent passage of the Deep Offshore Act into law has set the industry on the path of growth.

“By that singular action, we have succeeded in creating stability and confidence around our hitherto unpredictable fiscal system.

“We believe this will attract the needed investment in the upstream and support the realisation of our aspiration to increase our nation’s oil reserve to 40 billion barrels by 2025.”

Earlier in his address of welcome, Mr Bank-Anthony Okoroafor, Chairman, PETAN, said effective integration of regional governments and extracting companies could transform Africa’s economies and the lives of its citizens.

Okoroafor said SAIPEC was designed to showcase the available opportunities in the Sub Saharan African oil and gas industry and present a platform to discuss how to unlock these opportunities. (NAN)
ASO/ENN/SOA
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Editing by Edwin Nwachukwu/Oluwole Sogunle

  • Feb, Mon, 2020
Oil & Gas

Number of expatriates drop in Nigeria’s oil and gas industries – Board

Expatriates
By Muhammad Adam
Yola, Feb. 25, 2020 ( NAN) The Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring  Board (NCDMB), says it has recorded significant decrease in the number of expatriates working in oil and gas industries in the country.
The Board which is one of the agencies under the Ministry of Petroleum Resources, attributed the trend to the adoption of effective monitoring and regulation mechanisms since its creation in 2010.
Simbi Wabote, Executive Secretary of the Board, made the disclosure at a one-day training exercise and quiz competition for selected science students of secondary schools in the north, on Monday in Yola.
Wabote, who was represented by Mr Maurice Iwhiwhu, Manager, Capacity Building of the Board, stressed that the development followed intensive monitoring and regulations by the Board  in oil and gas industries in the country.
He said: “If you carry out an inventory; the number of expatriates working in oil and gas industries have drastically reduced and replaced by Nigerians.
“The Board is now collaborating with the Ministry of Interior to ensure that if they are giving the expatriates application to work in oil and gas industries, it should equally seek approval of the board before offering.
“Because the Board has the mandate to check and find out the number of expatriates working and those that are coming to work in the country’s oil sectors before any approval”.
Wabote explained that the objective of the quiz competition was to stimulate the interest for young Nigerians to participate in oil and gas industries and other allied sectors.
He said three states were selected in the north where science students of secondary schools would be trained and encouraged to participate in the sector in near future.
The secretary noted that one of the core objectives of the catch- them- young from the secondary school level was to address human capacity gap in the future industry.
“With the recent exploration of oil and gas in Chad Basin (Borno and Bauchi) Nigeria is likely becoming a hub of oil and gas industries in the world.
“And for the Board to ensure that we do not have human capacity gap in the near future  it is to catch-them-young right from secondary schools across the country, ” he added.
 Also speaking, Mr Yohanna Audu, Director, Science and Technology, Adamawa Ministry of Education, lauded the Federal Government for organising the event.
Audu said  that the event was an eye opener and a challenge  to the state government, adding that the exercise has awaken the consciousness of  the government to give emphasis on science education and teachers.
News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reports that about 180 science students drawn from 30 senior secondary schools in Adamawa State participated in the competition.
Meanwhile, the Board has announced plans to hold similar training exercise and quiz competition for students in Bauchi and Gombe States in the next coming weeks. ( NAN)
AMA/CCN/RSA
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Edited by Chinyere Nwachukwu/Rabiu Sani Ali